@Article{SousaSBTNSCPPSS:2022:CoAmLa,
               author = "Sousa, Rodrigo Silva de and Silva, Gilmar Clemente and Bazzan, 
                         Thiago and Torre, Fernando de la and Nebo, Caroline and Siqueira 
                         Silva, Diogenes Henrique and Cardoso Silva, Sheila and Pompeo, 
                         Marcelo Luiz Martins and Paiva, Teresa Cristina Brazil de and 
                         Silva, Fl{\'a}vio Teixeira da and Silva, Daniel Clemente Vieira 
                         Rego da",
          affiliation = "{Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Par{\'a} (UNIFESSPA)} 
                         and {Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {National University 
                         of Lujan} and {Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Par{\'a} 
                         (UNIFESSPA)} and {Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do 
                         Par{\'a} (UNIFESSPA)} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} 
                         and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and {Universidade de 
                         S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} 
                         and {Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Par{\'a} 
                         (UNIFESSPA)}",
                title = "Connections among Land Use, Water Quality, Biodiversity of Aquatic 
                         Invertebrates, and Fish Behavior in Amazon Rivers",
              journal = "Toxics",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "10",
               number = "4",
                pages = "e182",
                month = "Apr.",
             keywords = "aquatic biodiversity, fish habitats, habitat fragmentation, 
                         non-forced exposure, water pollution.",
             abstract = "Rivers in the Amazon have among the greatest biodiversity in the 
                         world. The Xingu River, one of the tributaries of the Amazon 
                         River, has a length of 1640 km, draining 510,000 km(2) in one of 
                         the most protected regions on the planet. The Middle Xingu region 
                         in Brazil has been highly impacted by mining and livestock 
                         farming, leading to habitat fragmentation due to altered water 
                         quality. Therefore, comparing two rivers (the preserved Xingu 
                         River and the impacted Fresco River) and their confluence, the 
                         aims of the present study were to (1) assess the land uses in the 
                         hydrographic basin; (2) determine the water quality by 
                         measurements of turbidity, total solids, and metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, 
                         Mn, Pb, Zn, and Hg); (3) compare the zooplankton biodiversity; and 
                         (4) to evaluate the avoidance behavior of fish (Astyanax 
                         bimaculatus) when exposed to waters from the Xingu and Fresco 
                         Rivers. Zooplankton were grouped and counted down to the family 
                         level. For the analysis of fish avoidance, a multi-compartment 
                         system was used. The forest class predominated at the study 
                         locations, accounting for 57.6%, 60.8%, and 63.9% of the total 
                         area at P1XR, P2FR, and P3XFR, respectively, although since 1985, 
                         at the same points, the forest had been reduced by 31.3%, 25.7%, 
                         and 27.9%. The Xingu River presented almost 300% more invertebrate 
                         families than the Fresco River, and the fish population preferred 
                         its waters (>50%). The inputs from the Fresco River impacted the 
                         water quality of the Xingu River, leading to reductions in local 
                         invertebrate biodiversity and potential habitats for fish in a 
                         typical case of habitat fragmentation due to anthropic factors.",
                  doi = "10.3390/toxics10040182",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040182",
                 issn = "2305-6304",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "toxics-10-00182-v2.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}